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Lu

One spelling. All preserved contexts.
Read claims alongside their sources.

Script: Latin
Compound status: Unknown
In this record: Relationships: 1 · observations: 17

Candidate data 1.0.0. Unknown values have not been filled with guesses.

Language information

Dictionary information and other contexts are kept separate. A statistical territory does not establish the language of a name; a classification does not determine a person's gender.

Dictionary contexts

None provided for this spelling in this version.

Other contexts

Language	Gender in source	Basis	Evidence
Multiple languages	Not specified	Usage evidence	Evidence Language: Multiple languages. Source category: Not specified. Basis: Usage evidence. This is a source claim, not a statement about a particular person. Open source and technical details → Technical details and JSON Original claim { "basis": "usage_evidence", "context_id": "ctx:72d7fdb9-db07-5576-92df-75c3c6612691", "country": null, "evidence_id": "ev:8d3c63b3-01ab-5227-aa15-f70b1d8a5def", "form_id": "frm:4a2ff492-4fb5-5bc3-822b-94443dd819a0", "gender": "unknown", "language": "mul" } All claims and sources — go to this entry →
Not specified	Not specified	Source classification	Evidence Language: Not specified. Source category: Not specified. Basis: Source classification. This is a source claim, not a statement about a particular person. Open source and technical details → Technical details and JSON Original claim { "basis": "source_classification", "context_id": "ctx:8f2eaf30-2696-5c4b-b735-c6c5b96d9223", "country": null, "evidence_id": "ev:5dab39f1-fa24-5b4b-9eb3-c34096cda34b", "form_id": "frm:4a2ff492-4fb5-5bc3-822b-94443dd819a0", "gender": "unisex", "language": null } All claims and sources — go to this entry →
Not specified	Female	Birth statistics	Evidence Language: Not specified. Source category: Female. Basis: Birth statistics. This is a source claim, not a statement about a particular person. Open source and technical details → Technical details and JSON Original claim { "basis": "official_birth_statistics", "context_id": "ctx:3e39c3ac-6905-58e0-996a-79472da40c20", "country": "DE", "evidence_id": "ev:3d748b61-cfa4-524f-9e17-e13ad62c9335", "form_id": "frm:4a2ff492-4fb5-5bc3-822b-94443dd819a0", "gender": "female", "language": null } All claims and sources — go to this entry →
Not specified	Male	Birth statistics	Evidence Language: Not specified. Source category: Male. Basis: Birth statistics. This is a source claim, not a statement about a particular person. Open source and technical details → Technical details and JSON Original claim { "basis": "official_birth_statistics", "context_id": "ctx:a1c1384d-e8a1-50a5-af68-d61785b600cb", "country": "DE", "evidence_id": "ev:cde0f88b-6d9b-5c20-b7ed-8e9c5f2dfb3c", "form_id": "frm:4a2ff492-4fb5-5bc3-822b-94443dd819a0", "gender": "male", "language": null } All claims and sources — go to this entry →

Related spellings

Every relationship has a direction and type. Source-reported equivalence does not imply universal interchangeability.

Relationships: 1

From	To	Type	Evidence
Lu	Lo	Source-reported equivalence	Evidence The source reports a relationship of type «Source-reported equivalence». The direction is shown in the table row. Open source and technical details → Technical details and JSON Original claim { "evidence_id": "ev:58b15533-7d60-5ea8-bb41-3035e225b8de", "from_form_id": "frm:4a2ff492-4fb5-5bc3-822b-94443dd819a0", "language": null, "link_id": "lnk:517ca02f-75a5-53c3-b7ee-28b18829715d", "position": null, "relation": "source_equivalence", "scheme": null, "to_form_id": "frm:9ae93fb9-8649-5449-88c7-77077f8b7573" } All claims and sources — go to this entry →

From

Type

Evidence

Source-reported equivalence

Evidence

The source reports a relationship of type «Source-reported equivalence». The direction is shown in the table row.

Open source and technical details →

Technical details and JSON

Original claim

{
    "evidence_id": "ev:58b15533-7d60-5ea8-bb41-3035e225b8de",
    "from_form_id": "frm:4a2ff492-4fb5-5bc3-822b-94443dd819a0",
    "language": null,
    "link_id": "lnk:517ca02f-75a5-53c3-b7ee-28b18829715d",
    "position": null,
    "relation": "source_equivalence",
    "scheme": null,
    "to_form_id": "frm:9ae93fb9-8649-5449-88c7-77077f8b7573"
}

All claims and sources — go to this entry →

Usage in statistics

Series differ in coverage and counting units. Values cannot be added together to measure global popularity.

SeriesObservations shown: 17

Territory	Year	Category	Name position	Count
United States	2025	Female	Not available	7
Germany	2023	Female	Not available	4
Germany	2023	Male	Not available	2
Cologne	2022	Female	2	2
Cologne	2022	Male	1	1
Cologne	2010	Female	Not available	1
Cologne	2011	Female	Not available	2
Cologne	2012	Female	Not available	1
Cologne	2013	Male	Not available	1
Cologne	2015	Female	Not available	3
Cologne	2017	Female	Not available	1
Cologne	2018	Female	Not available	1
Cologne	2019	Female	2	2
Cologne	2020	Female	1	1
Cologne	2020	Female	3	1
Cologne	2021	Male	1	1
Cologne	2021	Female	2	1

An unspecified position is not treated as first position. Full counting units, methods and qualifications are preserved in the original data.

Observation technical details

[
    {
        "country": "US",
        "global_name_gender_inferred": false,
        "method": "deterministic_sum_of_source_counts",
        "published_count": 7,
        "reported_sex": "female",
        "source_csv_rows": [
            2162458
        ],
        "source_ref": "US",
        "year": 2025
    },
    {
        "country": "DE",
        "global_name_gender_inferred": false,
        "method": "deterministic_sum_of_source_counts",
        "published_count": 4,
        "reported_sex": "female",
        "source_csv_rows": [
            151559,
            152854
        ],
        "source_ref": "DE",
        "year": 2023
    },
    {
        "country": "DE",
        "global_name_gender_inferred": false,
        "method": "deterministic_sum_of_source_counts",
        "published_count": 2,
        "reported_sex": "male",
        "source_csv_rows": [
            154448
        ],
        "source_ref": "DE",
        "year": 2023
    },
    {
        "country": "DE",
        "evidence_id": "ev:3d748b61-cfa4-524f-9e17-e13ad62c9335",
        "geography": "Köln",
        "global_name_gender_inferred": false,
        "method": "source_reported",
        "name_position": 2,
        "published_count": 2,
        "published_rank": null,
        "reported_sex": "female",
        "scope_note": "source_description_position_conflict",
        "source_csv_rows": [
            22551
        ],
        "source_observation_id": "obs:f96cb72a-34b2-55f6-ad44-909c6a1adeab",
        "source_ref": "DE_KOELN",
        "source_reported_sex": "w",
        "unit": "published_name_occurrences_at_position",
        "year": 2022
    },
    {
        "country": "DE",
        "evidence_id": "ev:cde0f88b-6d9b-5c20-b7ed-8e9c5f2dfb3c",
        "geography": "Köln",
        "global_name_gender_inferred": false,
        "method": "source_reported",
        "name_position": 1,
        "published_count": 1,
        "published_rank": null,
        "reported_sex": "male",
        "scope_note": "source_description_position_conflict",
        "source_csv_rows": [
            24694
        ],
        "source_observation_id": "obs:d8f80e12-2587-56d6-8c38-0c4bd17a7356",
        "source_ref": "DE_KOELN",
        "source_reported_sex": "m",
        "unit": "published_name_occurrences_at_position",
        "year": 2022
    },
    {
        "aggregation_allowed": false,
        "country": "DE",
        "evidence_id": "ev:6ff6e7d3-d157-5b8e-a254-6a1064a058ed",
        "geography": "Köln",
        "global_name_gender_inferred": false,
        "method": "source_reported",
        "name_position": null,
        "published_count": 1,
        "published_rank": null,
        "reported_sex": "female",
        "resolved_text": "Lu",
        "scope_note": "position_absent_repeated_keys_not_aggregated",
        "source_csv_rows": [
            3571
        ],
        "source_observation_id": "obs:020a5ff7-a140-508f-94d8-05e76ad04fe8",
        "source_ref": "DE_KOELN_HISTORY",
        "source_reported_sex": "w",
        "source_text": "Lu",
        "text_method": "NFC",
        "unit": "published_name_count_position_unspecified",
        "year": 2010
    },
    {
        "aggregation_allowed": false,
        "country": "DE",
        "evidence_id": "ev:ead41b07-b3c9-5d5d-8af9-98f4989c5e2c",
        "geography": "Köln",
        "global_name_gender_inferred": false,
        "method": "source_reported",
        "name_position": null,
        "published_count": 2,
        "published_rank": null,
        "reported_sex": "female",
        "resolved_text": "Lu",
        "scope_note": "position_absent_repeated_keys_not_aggregated",
        "source_csv_rows": [
            6534
        ],
        "source_observation_id": "obs:96ace7b3-8cb5-567c-a1d8-956e2d3cc6cd",
        "source_ref": "DE_KOELN_HISTORY",
        "source_reported_sex": "w",
        "source_text": "Lu",
        "text_method": "NFC",
        "unit": "published_name_count_position_unspecified",
        "year": 2011
    },
    {
        "aggregation_allowed": false,
        "country": "DE",
        "evidence_id": "ev:cf612690-5c6c-5c61-b1ab-5363e638cf3a",
        "geography": "Köln",
        "global_name_gender_inferred": false,
        "method": "source_reported",
        "name_position": null,
        "published_count": 1,
        "published_rank": null,
        "reported_sex": "female",
        "resolved_text": "Lu",
        "scope_note": "position_absent_repeated_keys_not_aggregated",
        "source_csv_rows": [
            13676
        ],
        "source_observation_id": "obs:23e65216-2f1a-54fb-8ce1-fa7e1358cb25",
        "source_ref": "DE_KOELN_HISTORY",
        "source_reported_sex": "w",
        "source_text": "Lu",
        "text_method": "NFC",
        "unit": "published_name_count_position_unspecified",
        "year": 2012
    },
    {
        "aggregation_allowed": false,
        "country": "DE",
        "evidence_id": "ev:75b169aa-3abb-5856-a15a-15a642c59c90",
        "geography": "Köln",
        "global_name_gender_inferred": false,
        "method": "source_reported",
        "name_position": null,
        "published_count": 1,
        "published_rank": null,
        "reported_sex": "male",
        "resolved_text": "Lu",
        "scope_note": "position_absent_repeated_keys_not_aggregated",
        "source_csv_rows": [
            18841
        ],
        "source_observation_id": "obs:f15433bc-7905-51f1-bc29-abfbe3cb575c",
        "source_ref": "DE_KOELN_HISTORY",
        "source_reported_sex": "m",
        "source_text": "Lu",
        "text_method": "NFC",
        "unit": "published_name_count_position_unspecified",
        "year": 2013
    },
    {
        "aggregation_allowed": false,
        "country": "DE",
        "evidence_id": "ev:1fc3e2bd-f903-5a36-b9b5-1bfa9b34fca0",
        "geography": "Köln",
        "global_name_gender_inferred": false,
        "method": "source_reported",
        "name_position": null,
        "published_count": 3,
        "published_rank": null,
        "reported_sex": "female",
        "resolved_text": "Lu",
        "scope_note": "position_absent_repeated_keys_not_aggregated",
        "source_csv_rows": [
            26598
        ],
        "source_observation_id": "obs:cd56b173-034f-5888-bf12-266f9d946cfc",
        "source_ref": "DE_KOELN_HISTORY",
        "source_reported_sex": "w",
        "source_text": "Lu",
        "text_method": "NFC",
        "unit": "published_name_count_position_unspecified",
        "year": 2015
    },
    {
        "aggregation_allowed": false,
        "country": "DE",
        "evidence_id": "ev:f2ecb9a3-d389-5496-ba52-3aec45d71502",
        "geography": "Köln",
        "global_name_gender_inferred": false,
        "method": "source_reported",
        "name_position": null,
        "published_count": 1,
        "published_rank": null,
        "reported_sex": "female",
        "resolved_text": "Lu",
        "scope_note": "position_absent_repeated_keys_not_aggregated",
        "source_csv_rows": [
            40145
        ],
        "source_observation_id": "obs:82e668c6-585e-59ec-8513-2d3288f7016d",
        "source_ref": "DE_KOELN_HISTORY",
        "source_reported_sex": "w",
        "source_text": "Lu",
        "text_method": "NFC",
        "unit": "published_name_count_position_unspecified",
        "year": 2017
    },
    {
        "aggregation_allowed": false,
        "country": "DE",
        "evidence_id": "ev:b8cfd014-e38e-5d5a-83ed-1e58c83f86ab",
        "geography": "Köln",
        "global_name_gender_inferred": false,
        "method": "source_reported",
        "name_position": null,
        "published_count": 1,
        "published_rank": null,
        "reported_sex": "female",
        "resolved_text": "Lu",
        "scope_note": "position_absent_repeated_keys_not_aggregated",
        "source_csv_rows": [
            47187
        ],
        "source_observation_id": "obs:9ef1ff6e-6cc3-555b-8ea0-0f33f7bc5e26",
        "source_ref": "DE_KOELN_HISTORY",
        "source_reported_sex": "w",
        "source_text": "Lu",
        "text_method": "NFC",
        "unit": "published_name_count_position_unspecified",
        "year": 2018
    },
    {
        "country": "DE",
        "evidence_id": "ev:b918f634-cbbb-50b7-b05e-601936aee026",
        "geography": "Köln",
        "global_name_gender_inferred": false,
        "method": "source_reported",
        "name_position": 2,
        "published_count": 2,
        "published_rank": null,
        "reported_sex": "female",
        "scope_note": "source_description_position_conflict",
        "source_csv_rows": [
            1994
        ],
        "source_observation_id": "obs:90eb5df8-875b-5eeb-9053-b9a199ad7948",
        "source_ref": "DE_KOELN",
        "source_reported_sex": "w",
        "unit": "published_name_occurrences_at_position",
        "year": 2019
    },
    {
        "country": "DE",
        "evidence_id": "ev:b4c73e18-7133-5546-9686-865f7323f914",
        "geography": "Köln",
        "global_name_gender_inferred": false,
        "method": "source_reported",
        "name_position": 1,
        "published_count": 1,
        "published_rank": null,
        "reported_sex": "female",
        "scope_note": "source_description_position_conflict",
        "source_csv_rows": [
            9994
        ],
        "source_observation_id": "obs:fb6292ba-c81b-5c35-af9e-70e547d2213c",
        "source_ref": "DE_KOELN",
        "source_reported_sex": "w",
        "unit": "published_name_occurrences_at_position",
        "year": 2020
    },
    {
        "country": "DE",
        "evidence_id": "ev:4728b243-b9df-5f75-9d7b-e15972468a08",
        "geography": "Köln",
        "global_name_gender_inferred": false,
        "method": "source_reported",
        "name_position": 3,
        "published_count": 1,
        "published_rank": null,
        "reported_sex": "female",
        "scope_note": "source_description_position_conflict",
        "source_csv_rows": [
            13596
        ],
        "source_observation_id": "obs:955fb3a2-7694-506d-a555-c1c69a1aef8a",
        "source_ref": "DE_KOELN",
        "source_reported_sex": "w",
        "unit": "published_name_occurrences_at_position",
        "year": 2020
    },
    {
        "country": "DE",
        "evidence_id": "ev:ab603ea1-9153-5531-91b2-2e6db188f0ed",
        "geography": "Köln",
        "global_name_gender_inferred": false,
        "method": "source_reported",
        "name_position": 1,
        "published_count": 1,
        "published_rank": null,
        "reported_sex": "male",
        "scope_note": "source_description_position_conflict",
        "source_csv_rows": [
            18098
        ],
        "source_observation_id": "obs:cdc457b1-d99a-5c9d-836a-b5c9e765db17",
        "source_ref": "DE_KOELN",
        "source_reported_sex": "m",
        "unit": "published_name_occurrences_at_position",
        "year": 2021
    },
    {
        "country": "DE",
        "evidence_id": "ev:1495749e-9ed6-528a-aece-59480836f567",
        "geography": "Köln",
        "global_name_gender_inferred": false,
        "method": "source_reported",
        "name_position": 2,
        "published_count": 1,
        "published_rank": null,
        "reported_sex": "female",
        "scope_note": "source_description_position_conflict",
        "source_csv_rows": [
            19094
        ],
        "source_observation_id": "obs:3ce4b37e-f29a-5cdb-a347-ff69eab52f31",
        "source_ref": "DE_KOELN",
        "source_reported_sex": "w",
        "unit": "published_name_occurrences_at_position",
        "year": 2021
    }
]

Original statistical rows and notes →

A source behind every claim

Preserved evidence referenced by this record. Expand a description to view its source; original values are available in the technical details.

Usage context: Multiple languages · Not specified · Usage evidence

Open source and technical details →

Usage context: Not specified · Not specified · Source classification

Open source and technical details →

Usage context: Not specified · Female · Birth statistics; Statistics: Cologne · 2022 · Female · count: 2 · name position: 2

Open source and technical details →

Usage context: Not specified · Male · Birth statistics; Statistics: Cologne · 2022 · Male · count: 1 · name position: 1

Open source and technical details →

Provenance of the record «Lu»

Open source and technical details →

Relationship «Lu → Lo»: Source-reported equivalence

Open source and technical details →

Statistics: Cologne · 2010 · Female · count: 1 · name position: not specified

Open source and technical details →

Statistics: Cologne · 2011 · Female · count: 2 · name position: not specified

Open source and technical details →

Statistics: Cologne · 2012 · Female · count: 1 · name position: not specified

Open source and technical details →

Statistics: Cologne · 2013 · Male · count: 1 · name position: not specified

Open source and technical details →

Statistics: Cologne · 2015 · Female · count: 3 · name position: not specified

Open source and technical details →

Statistics: Cologne · 2017 · Female · count: 1 · name position: not specified

Open source and technical details →

Statistics: Cologne · 2018 · Female · count: 1 · name position: not specified

Open source and technical details →

Statistics: Cologne · 2019 · Female · count: 2 · name position: 2

Open source and technical details →

Statistics: Cologne · 2020 · Female · count: 1 · name position: 1

Open source and technical details →

Statistics: Cologne · 2020 · Female · count: 1 · name position: 3

Open source and technical details →

Statistics: Cologne · 2021 · Male · count: 1 · name position: 1

Open source and technical details →

Statistics: Cologne · 2021 · Female · count: 1 · name position: 2

Open source and technical details →

Full record

All fields, including qualifiers, language qualifications, original codes and unknown values.

Open the full record JSON →

Field and compound-status provenance

{
    "field_evidence": [
        {
            "characters": " -‐‑–'’",
            "evidence_id": "ev:9f5e2b72-98a1-51ed-90fd-553342b6a62c",
            "field": "contains_name_separator",
            "form_id": "frm:4a2ff492-4fb5-5bc3-822b-94443dd819a0",
            "method": "deterministic",
            "not_compound_classification": true,
            "rule": "character-presence-001",
            "value": false
        }
    ],
    "compound_claims": []
}

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